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Recent Developments in the Economics of Tourism
This two-volume work comprises a selection of seminal articles published over the past decade that have significantly advanced the study of tourism economics. The papers have been selected for their theoretical contributions as well as their contribution to informed policy making. Volume I comprises articles representing advances in the areas of demand modelling, forecasting, supply, pricing, taxation and the environment. Volume II comprises articles which make advances in the areas of tourism and economic growth, trade, development, impacts and destination competitiveness. This authoritative collection, along with an original introduction by the editors, will have particular appeal to university instructors, researchers, graduate students and tourism economists in private sector and policy-making organisations.
More Information
Contributors
Contents
More Information
This two-volume work comprises a selection of seminal articles published over the past decade that have significantly advanced the study of tourism economics. The papers have been selected for their theoretical contributions as well as their contribution to informed policy making. Volume I comprises articles representing advances in the areas of demand modelling, forecasting, supply, pricing, taxation and the environment. Volume II comprises articles which make advances in the areas of tourism and economic growth, trade, development, impacts and destination competitiveness. This authoritative collection, along with an original introduction by the editors, will have particular appeal to university instructors, researchers, graduate students and tourism economists in private sector and policy-making organisations.
Contributors
73 articles, dating from 2000 to 2011
Contributors include: A. Blake, R. Durbarry, P. Forsyth, G. Li, J.-J. Nowak, A. Papatheodorou, M. Sahli, T. Sinclair, H. Song, L. Turner, S. Wanhill
Contributors include: A. Blake, R. Durbarry, P. Forsyth, G. Li, J.-J. Nowak, A. Papatheodorou, M. Sahli, T. Sinclair, H. Song, L. Turner, S. Wanhill
Contents
Contents:
Volume 1: Demand, Supply, Pricing, Taxation, Employment and the Environment
Acknowledgements
Introduction Larry Dwyer and Neelu Seetaram
PART I TOURISM DEMAND MODELING AND FORECASTING
1. Haiyan Song and Gang Li (2008), ‘Tourism Demand Modelling and Forecasting—A Review of Recent Research’
2. Lindsay W. Turner and Stephen F. Witt (2001), ‘Factors Influencing Demand for International Tourism: Tourism Demand Analysis Using Structural Equation Modelling, Revisited’
3. Christine Lim and Michael McAleer (2001), ‘Cointegration Analysis of Quarterly Tourism Demand by Hong Kong and Singapore for Australia’
4. Nada Kulendran and Kevin K.F. Wong (2005), ‘Modeling Seasonality in Tourism Forecasting’
5. Haiyan Song and Kevin K.F. Wong (2003), ‘Tourism Demand Modeling: A Time-Varying Parameter Approach’
6. Isabel Cortés-Jiménez, Ramesh Durbarry and Manuela Pulina (2009), ‘Estimation of Outbound Italian Tourism Demand: A Monthly Dynamic EC-LAIDS Model’
7. Neelu Seetaram (2010), ‘Use of Dynamic Panel Cointegration Approach to Model International Arrivals to Australia’
8. Joaquıń Alegre and Llorenç Pou (2006), ‘The Length of Stay in the Demand for Tourism’
PART II SUPPLY AND PRICING
9. J.M. Espinet, M. Saez, G. Coenders and M. Fluvià (2003), ‘Effect on Prices of the Attributes of Holiday Hotels: A Hedonic Prices Approach’
10. Yoav Wachsman (2006), ‘Strategic Interactions Among Firms in Tourist Destinations’
11. Stephen Wanhill (2006), ‘Some Economics of Staging Festivals: The Case of Opera Festivals’
12. Serguei Kaniovski, Michael Peneder and Egon Smeral (2008), ‘Determinants of Firm Survival in the Austrian Accommodation Sector’
13. Haiyan Song, Shu Yang and George Q. Huang (2009), ‘Price Interactions Between Theme Park and Tour Operator’
14. Jenny Cave, Kartick Gupta and Stuart Locke (2009), ‘Supply-Side Investments: An International Analysis of the Return and Risk Relationship in the Travel & Leisure Sector’
PART III TOURISM AND TRANSPORT
15. Peter Forsyth (2006), ‘Martin Kunz Memorial Lecture: Tourism Benefits and Aviation Policy’
16. Clive L. Morley (2007), ‘Research Note: Implications for Regional Destinations of New Airline Strategies’
17. Andreas Papatheodorou and Zheng Lei (2006), ‘Leisure Travel in Europe and Airline Business Models: A Study of Regional Airports in Great Britain’
18. Belén Rey, Rafael L. Myro and Asun Galera (2011), ‘Effect of Low-Cost Airlines on Tourism in Spain. A Dynamic Panel Data Model’
19. Daniel Albalate and Germà Bel (2010), ‘Tourism and Urban Public Transport: Holding Demand Pressure Under Supply Constraints’
20. Neelu Seetaram (2010), ‘Computing Airfare Elasticities or Opening Pandora’s Box’
PART IV TAXATION
21. Nishaal Gooroochurn and M. Thea Sinclair (2005), ‘Economics of Tourism Taxation: Evidence from Mauritius’
22. Li Sheng and Yanming Tsui (2009), ‘Taxing Tourism: Enhancing or Reducing Welfare?’
23. Nishaal Gooroochurn and Thea Sinclair (2008), ‘Commodity Taxation in the Presence of Tourists’
24. Peter Forsyth and Larry Dwyer (2002) ‘Market Power and the Taxation of Domestic and International Tourism’
25. Ramesh Durbarry (2008), ‘Tourism Taxes: Implications for Tourism Demand in the UK’
26. Claudio A.G. Piga (2003), ‘Pigouvian Taxation in Tourism’
27. Richard S.J. Tol (2007), ‘The Impact of a Carbon Tax on International Tourism’
PART V TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT
28. Pedro Pintassilgo and João Albino Silva (2007), ‘“Tragedy of the Commons” in the Tourism Accommodation Industry’
29. Robert J. Johnston and Timothy J. Tyrrell (2005), ‘A Dynamic Model of Sustainable Tourism’
30. Ester Blanco, Javier Rey-Maquieira and Javier Lozano (2009), ‘Economic Incentives for Tourism Firms to Undertake Voluntary Environmental Management’
31. Patrizia Riganti and Peter Nijkamp (2008), ‘Congestion in Popular Tourist Areas: A Multi-Attribute Experimental Choice Analysis of Willingness-to-Wait in Amsterdam’
32. Carmelo J. León, Juan M. Hernández and Matías González (2007), ‘Economic Welfare, the Environment and the Tourist Product Life Cycle’
33. Javier Lozano, Carlos M. Gómez and Javier Rey-Maquieira (2008), ‘The TALC Hypothesis and Economic Growth Theory’
34. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth, Ray Spurr and Serajul Hoque (2010), ’Estimating the Carbon Footprint of Australian Tourism’
PART VI EMPLOYMENT ISSUES
35. Christer Thrane (2008), ‘Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital and Socio-Demographic Effects’
36. Adelaida Lillo-Bañuls and José M. Casado-Díaz (2010), ‘Rewards to Education in the Tourism Sector: One Step Ahead’
37. Juan Antonio Campos-Soria, Bienvenido Ortega-Aguaza and Miguel Angel Ropero-García (2009), ‘Gender Segregation and Wage Difference in the Hospitality Industry’
38. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari, Jean-Pierre Laffargue and Eden S.H. Yu (2009), ‘A Dynamic Model of Tourism, Employment and Welfare: The Case Of Hong Kong’
Volume II: Tourism, Trade, Growth and Welfare
Acknowledgements
Introduction An introduction to both volumes appears in Volume I
PART I TOURISM TRADE, GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A Tourism and Economic Growth
1. Jacint Balaguer and Manuel Cantavella-Jordá (2002), ‘Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case’
2. Paolo Figini and Laura Vici (2010), ‘Tourism and Growth in a Cross Section of Countries’
3. Chien-Chiang Lee and Chun-Ping Chang (2008), ‘Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels’
4. Sara Proença and Elias Soukiazis (2008), ‘Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: A Case Study for Southern European Countries’
5. Pedro M.D.C.B. Gouveia and Paulo M.M. Rodrigues (2005), ‘Dating and Synchronizing Tourism Growth Cycles’
B International Trade
6. Jean-Jacques Nowak, Sylvain Petit and Mondher Sahli (2010), ‘Tourism and Globalization: The International Division of Tourism Production’
7. Salvador Gil-Pareja, Rafael Llorca-Vivero and José Antonio Martínez-Serrano (2007), ‘The Effect of EMU on Tourism’
8. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari and Eden S.H. Yu (2010), ‘Quotas, Spillovers, and the Transfer Paradox in an Economy with Tourism’
9. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari, Jean-Pierre Laffargue, Pasquale M. Sgro and Eden S.H. Yu (2006), ‘Tourism, Dutch Disease and Welfare in an Open Dynamic Economy’
10. Jean-Jacques Nowak, Mondher Sahli and Isabel Cortés-Jiménez (2007), ‘Tourism, Capital Good Imports and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence for Spain’
C Social Issues – Welfare Effect
11. Mondher Sahli and Jean-Jacques Nowak (2007), ‘Does Inbound Tourism Benefit Developing Countries? A Trade Theoretic Approach’
12. Adam Blake, Jorge Saba Arbache, M. Thea Sinclair and Vladimar Teles (2008), ‘Tourism and Poverty Relief’
13. Anan Wattanakuljarus and Ian Coxhead (2008), ‘Is Tourism-Based Development Good for the Poor? A General Equilibrium Analysis for Thailand’
14. Robertico Croes and Manuel Vanegas, Sr. (2008), ‘Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Reduction’
15. Rinaldo Brau, Alessandro Lanza and Francesco Pigliaru (2007), ‘How Fast are Small Tourism Countries Growing? Evidence from the Data for 1980–2003’
16. Diaram Ramjee Singh (2009), ‘Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Tourism and Economic Development’
PART II ECONOMIC IMPACTS
17. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth, John Madden and Ray Spurr (2000), ‘Economic Impacts of Inbound Tourism under Different Assumptions Regarding the Macroeconomy’
18. Adam Blake (2009), ‘The Dynamics of Tourism’s Economic Impact’
19. Stefan F. Schubert and Juan Gabriel Brida (2009), ‘Macroeconomic Effects of Changes in Tourism Demand: A Simple Dynamic Model’
20. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Ray Spurr (2004), ‘Evaluating Tourism’s Economic Effects: New and Old Approaches’
21. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Ray Spurr (2005), ‘Estimating the Impacts of Special Events on an Economy’
22. John R. Madden (2006), ‘Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Mega Sporting Events: A General Equilibrium Assessment’
PART III TOURISM IN CRISIS
23. Nenad Njegovan (2006), ‘Are Shocks to Air Passenger Traffic Permanent or Transitory?: Implications for Long-Term Air Passenger Forecasts for the UK’
24. Adam Blake and M. Thea Sinclair (2003), ‘Tourism Crisis Management: US Response to September 11’
25. Xiamming Meng, Mahinda Siriwardana, Brian Dollery and Stuart Mounter (2010), ‘The Impact of the 2008 World Financial Crisis on Tourism and the Singapore Economy and Policy Responses: A CGE Analysis’
26. Haiyan Song and Shanshan Lin (2010), ‘Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Tourism in Asia’
27. Djauhari Pambudi, Nathalie McCaughey and Russell Smyth (2009), ‘Computable General Equilibrium Estimates of the Impact of the Bali Bombing on the Indonesian Economy’
28. Paresh Kumar Narayan and Biman Chand Prasad (2007), ‘The Long-Run Impact of Coups on Fiji''s Economy: Evidence From A Computable General Equilibrium Model’
29. A.T. Blake, M.T. Sinclair and P.B. Chand (2003), ‘Quantifying the Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Tourism and the UK Economy’
PART IV DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS
30. Maria Francesca Cracolici, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld (2008), ‘Assessment of Tourism Competitiveness by Analysing Destination Efficiency’
31. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Prasada Rao (2002), ‘Destination Price Competitiveness: Exchange Rate Changes versus Domestic Inflation’
32. Nicolas Peypoch (2007), ‘On Measuring Tourism Productivity’
33. Adam Blake, M. Thea Sinclair and Juan Antonio Campos Soria (2006), ‘Tourism Productivity: Evidence from the United Kingdom’
34. Carlos P. Barros and Fernando P. Alves (2004), ‘Productivity in the Tourism Industry’
35. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Prasada Rao (2000), ‘The Price Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism: A Comparison of 19 Destinations’
36. Larry Dwyer and Peter Forsyth (2008), ‘Economic Measures of Tourism Yield: What Markets to Target?’
Volume 1: Demand, Supply, Pricing, Taxation, Employment and the Environment
Acknowledgements
Introduction Larry Dwyer and Neelu Seetaram
PART I TOURISM DEMAND MODELING AND FORECASTING
1. Haiyan Song and Gang Li (2008), ‘Tourism Demand Modelling and Forecasting—A Review of Recent Research’
2. Lindsay W. Turner and Stephen F. Witt (2001), ‘Factors Influencing Demand for International Tourism: Tourism Demand Analysis Using Structural Equation Modelling, Revisited’
3. Christine Lim and Michael McAleer (2001), ‘Cointegration Analysis of Quarterly Tourism Demand by Hong Kong and Singapore for Australia’
4. Nada Kulendran and Kevin K.F. Wong (2005), ‘Modeling Seasonality in Tourism Forecasting’
5. Haiyan Song and Kevin K.F. Wong (2003), ‘Tourism Demand Modeling: A Time-Varying Parameter Approach’
6. Isabel Cortés-Jiménez, Ramesh Durbarry and Manuela Pulina (2009), ‘Estimation of Outbound Italian Tourism Demand: A Monthly Dynamic EC-LAIDS Model’
7. Neelu Seetaram (2010), ‘Use of Dynamic Panel Cointegration Approach to Model International Arrivals to Australia’
8. Joaquıń Alegre and Llorenç Pou (2006), ‘The Length of Stay in the Demand for Tourism’
PART II SUPPLY AND PRICING
9. J.M. Espinet, M. Saez, G. Coenders and M. Fluvià (2003), ‘Effect on Prices of the Attributes of Holiday Hotels: A Hedonic Prices Approach’
10. Yoav Wachsman (2006), ‘Strategic Interactions Among Firms in Tourist Destinations’
11. Stephen Wanhill (2006), ‘Some Economics of Staging Festivals: The Case of Opera Festivals’
12. Serguei Kaniovski, Michael Peneder and Egon Smeral (2008), ‘Determinants of Firm Survival in the Austrian Accommodation Sector’
13. Haiyan Song, Shu Yang and George Q. Huang (2009), ‘Price Interactions Between Theme Park and Tour Operator’
14. Jenny Cave, Kartick Gupta and Stuart Locke (2009), ‘Supply-Side Investments: An International Analysis of the Return and Risk Relationship in the Travel & Leisure Sector’
PART III TOURISM AND TRANSPORT
15. Peter Forsyth (2006), ‘Martin Kunz Memorial Lecture: Tourism Benefits and Aviation Policy’
16. Clive L. Morley (2007), ‘Research Note: Implications for Regional Destinations of New Airline Strategies’
17. Andreas Papatheodorou and Zheng Lei (2006), ‘Leisure Travel in Europe and Airline Business Models: A Study of Regional Airports in Great Britain’
18. Belén Rey, Rafael L. Myro and Asun Galera (2011), ‘Effect of Low-Cost Airlines on Tourism in Spain. A Dynamic Panel Data Model’
19. Daniel Albalate and Germà Bel (2010), ‘Tourism and Urban Public Transport: Holding Demand Pressure Under Supply Constraints’
20. Neelu Seetaram (2010), ‘Computing Airfare Elasticities or Opening Pandora’s Box’
PART IV TAXATION
21. Nishaal Gooroochurn and M. Thea Sinclair (2005), ‘Economics of Tourism Taxation: Evidence from Mauritius’
22. Li Sheng and Yanming Tsui (2009), ‘Taxing Tourism: Enhancing or Reducing Welfare?’
23. Nishaal Gooroochurn and Thea Sinclair (2008), ‘Commodity Taxation in the Presence of Tourists’
24. Peter Forsyth and Larry Dwyer (2002) ‘Market Power and the Taxation of Domestic and International Tourism’
25. Ramesh Durbarry (2008), ‘Tourism Taxes: Implications for Tourism Demand in the UK’
26. Claudio A.G. Piga (2003), ‘Pigouvian Taxation in Tourism’
27. Richard S.J. Tol (2007), ‘The Impact of a Carbon Tax on International Tourism’
PART V TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT
28. Pedro Pintassilgo and João Albino Silva (2007), ‘“Tragedy of the Commons” in the Tourism Accommodation Industry’
29. Robert J. Johnston and Timothy J. Tyrrell (2005), ‘A Dynamic Model of Sustainable Tourism’
30. Ester Blanco, Javier Rey-Maquieira and Javier Lozano (2009), ‘Economic Incentives for Tourism Firms to Undertake Voluntary Environmental Management’
31. Patrizia Riganti and Peter Nijkamp (2008), ‘Congestion in Popular Tourist Areas: A Multi-Attribute Experimental Choice Analysis of Willingness-to-Wait in Amsterdam’
32. Carmelo J. León, Juan M. Hernández and Matías González (2007), ‘Economic Welfare, the Environment and the Tourist Product Life Cycle’
33. Javier Lozano, Carlos M. Gómez and Javier Rey-Maquieira (2008), ‘The TALC Hypothesis and Economic Growth Theory’
34. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth, Ray Spurr and Serajul Hoque (2010), ’Estimating the Carbon Footprint of Australian Tourism’
PART VI EMPLOYMENT ISSUES
35. Christer Thrane (2008), ‘Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital and Socio-Demographic Effects’
36. Adelaida Lillo-Bañuls and José M. Casado-Díaz (2010), ‘Rewards to Education in the Tourism Sector: One Step Ahead’
37. Juan Antonio Campos-Soria, Bienvenido Ortega-Aguaza and Miguel Angel Ropero-García (2009), ‘Gender Segregation and Wage Difference in the Hospitality Industry’
38. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari, Jean-Pierre Laffargue and Eden S.H. Yu (2009), ‘A Dynamic Model of Tourism, Employment and Welfare: The Case Of Hong Kong’
Volume II: Tourism, Trade, Growth and Welfare
Acknowledgements
Introduction An introduction to both volumes appears in Volume I
PART I TOURISM TRADE, GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A Tourism and Economic Growth
1. Jacint Balaguer and Manuel Cantavella-Jordá (2002), ‘Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case’
2. Paolo Figini and Laura Vici (2010), ‘Tourism and Growth in a Cross Section of Countries’
3. Chien-Chiang Lee and Chun-Ping Chang (2008), ‘Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels’
4. Sara Proença and Elias Soukiazis (2008), ‘Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: A Case Study for Southern European Countries’
5. Pedro M.D.C.B. Gouveia and Paulo M.M. Rodrigues (2005), ‘Dating and Synchronizing Tourism Growth Cycles’
B International Trade
6. Jean-Jacques Nowak, Sylvain Petit and Mondher Sahli (2010), ‘Tourism and Globalization: The International Division of Tourism Production’
7. Salvador Gil-Pareja, Rafael Llorca-Vivero and José Antonio Martínez-Serrano (2007), ‘The Effect of EMU on Tourism’
8. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari and Eden S.H. Yu (2010), ‘Quotas, Spillovers, and the Transfer Paradox in an Economy with Tourism’
9. Chi-Chur Chao, Bharat R. Hazari, Jean-Pierre Laffargue, Pasquale M. Sgro and Eden S.H. Yu (2006), ‘Tourism, Dutch Disease and Welfare in an Open Dynamic Economy’
10. Jean-Jacques Nowak, Mondher Sahli and Isabel Cortés-Jiménez (2007), ‘Tourism, Capital Good Imports and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence for Spain’
C Social Issues – Welfare Effect
11. Mondher Sahli and Jean-Jacques Nowak (2007), ‘Does Inbound Tourism Benefit Developing Countries? A Trade Theoretic Approach’
12. Adam Blake, Jorge Saba Arbache, M. Thea Sinclair and Vladimar Teles (2008), ‘Tourism and Poverty Relief’
13. Anan Wattanakuljarus and Ian Coxhead (2008), ‘Is Tourism-Based Development Good for the Poor? A General Equilibrium Analysis for Thailand’
14. Robertico Croes and Manuel Vanegas, Sr. (2008), ‘Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Reduction’
15. Rinaldo Brau, Alessandro Lanza and Francesco Pigliaru (2007), ‘How Fast are Small Tourism Countries Growing? Evidence from the Data for 1980–2003’
16. Diaram Ramjee Singh (2009), ‘Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Tourism and Economic Development’
PART II ECONOMIC IMPACTS
17. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth, John Madden and Ray Spurr (2000), ‘Economic Impacts of Inbound Tourism under Different Assumptions Regarding the Macroeconomy’
18. Adam Blake (2009), ‘The Dynamics of Tourism’s Economic Impact’
19. Stefan F. Schubert and Juan Gabriel Brida (2009), ‘Macroeconomic Effects of Changes in Tourism Demand: A Simple Dynamic Model’
20. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Ray Spurr (2004), ‘Evaluating Tourism’s Economic Effects: New and Old Approaches’
21. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Ray Spurr (2005), ‘Estimating the Impacts of Special Events on an Economy’
22. John R. Madden (2006), ‘Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Mega Sporting Events: A General Equilibrium Assessment’
PART III TOURISM IN CRISIS
23. Nenad Njegovan (2006), ‘Are Shocks to Air Passenger Traffic Permanent or Transitory?: Implications for Long-Term Air Passenger Forecasts for the UK’
24. Adam Blake and M. Thea Sinclair (2003), ‘Tourism Crisis Management: US Response to September 11’
25. Xiamming Meng, Mahinda Siriwardana, Brian Dollery and Stuart Mounter (2010), ‘The Impact of the 2008 World Financial Crisis on Tourism and the Singapore Economy and Policy Responses: A CGE Analysis’
26. Haiyan Song and Shanshan Lin (2010), ‘Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Tourism in Asia’
27. Djauhari Pambudi, Nathalie McCaughey and Russell Smyth (2009), ‘Computable General Equilibrium Estimates of the Impact of the Bali Bombing on the Indonesian Economy’
28. Paresh Kumar Narayan and Biman Chand Prasad (2007), ‘The Long-Run Impact of Coups on Fiji''s Economy: Evidence From A Computable General Equilibrium Model’
29. A.T. Blake, M.T. Sinclair and P.B. Chand (2003), ‘Quantifying the Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Tourism and the UK Economy’
PART IV DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS
30. Maria Francesca Cracolici, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld (2008), ‘Assessment of Tourism Competitiveness by Analysing Destination Efficiency’
31. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Prasada Rao (2002), ‘Destination Price Competitiveness: Exchange Rate Changes versus Domestic Inflation’
32. Nicolas Peypoch (2007), ‘On Measuring Tourism Productivity’
33. Adam Blake, M. Thea Sinclair and Juan Antonio Campos Soria (2006), ‘Tourism Productivity: Evidence from the United Kingdom’
34. Carlos P. Barros and Fernando P. Alves (2004), ‘Productivity in the Tourism Industry’
35. Larry Dwyer, Peter Forsyth and Prasada Rao (2000), ‘The Price Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism: A Comparison of 19 Destinations’
36. Larry Dwyer and Peter Forsyth (2008), ‘Economic Measures of Tourism Yield: What Markets to Target?’
